Price Convergence across Regions in India

The paper attempts to examine whether there is price convergence across various regions in India. Our results indicate significant presence of cross-sectional de- pendence in prices in India, rendering some of the standard panel unit root tests inapplicable. Using various panel unit root tests that are robust to cross-sectional dependence, it is found that relative price levels among various regions in India mean-revert. We decompose each series into a set of common factors and idiosyn- cratic components. The decomposition enables us to test stationarity and estimate half-lives of the common factors and the idiosyncratic components separately. Both these components in case of India are found to be stationary. Idiosyncratic price shocks, however, are found to be more persistent as compared to the common factor. The results also indicate that transportation costs proxied by distance can explain a part of the variation in prices between two locations in India.Cross co-integration, Cross-sectional dependence, Panel unit root tests, Common factor, Price convergence

Optimum Weight Selection Based LQR Formulation for the Design of Fractional Order PI{\lambda}D{\mu} Controllers to Handle a Class of Fractional Order Systems

A weighted summation of Integral of Time Multiplied Absolute Error (ITAE) and Integral of Squared Controller Output (ISCO) minimization based time domain optimal tuning of fractional-order (FO) PID or PI{\lambda}D{\mu} controller is proposed in this paper with a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) based technique that minimizes the change in trajectories of the state variables and the control signal. A class of fractional order systems having single non-integer order element which show highly sluggish and oscillatory open loop responses have been tuned with an LQR based FOPID controller. The proposed controller design methodology is compared with the existing time domain optimal tuning techniques with respect to change in the trajectory of state variables, tracking performance for change in set-point, magnitude of control signal and also the capability of load disturbance suppression. A real coded genetic algorithm (GA) has been used for the optimal choice of weighting matrices while designing the quadratic regulator by minimizing the time domain integral performance index. Credible simulation studies have been presented to justify the proposition.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

ACTION RESEARCH ON MATHEMATICS PHOBIA AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

The purpose of this study is to find out the causes of fear in the mathematics of eleventh-grade students and to find a solution. Action research is a method that has proven to be valuable as a problem-solving tool. It can provide opportunities for reflection, improvement, transformation, and solutions to learning. The idea for this project began as a discussion among the Mathematics Phobia at Secondary school in West Bengal followed by WBCHSE Curriculum. The researchers investigate several dimensions of Mathematics Phobia. Several research questions stand out: a) Find out how much is an error in the curriculum? b) Finding students' lack of interest in learning mathematics? c) Find out how students' attitudes toward teaching methods and d) Find out Error in the learning process. The idea for this project began as a discussion among the Mathematics Phobia at Secondary school in West Bengal followed by WBCHSE Curriculum. The researchers selected 50 students from the 11th-grade class, of which 32 were male and 18 are female. Researchers formulated 12 questions and four Hypotheses. The methodology of the study is a mixed type involving interpretative, analytical study of documents, interview, survey questionnaire, observation, qualitative and quantitative data analysis, and study secondary sources, like books, university news, expert opinion, articles, journals, thesis and websites, etc. This study researcher using statistical method percentage bar-graph finally, meaningful suggestions are offered